Box 12 Roman coins Roman emperors ed J M Laleta c1970 Titus M Aurelius

Description: 267-and DIV1Bronze coins, from the Paris Mint (cornucopia hallmark from 1880).Struck around 1970.Rare .Leather and velvet box.The box shows some minimal signs of handling.With 10 certificates of authenticity, two guarantee certificates are missing.Engraver / artist : Raymond TSCHUDIN (1916-1998) based on the antique.Dimension : approximately 40 mm for each of the 12 coins.Weight : approximately 40 g for each of the 12 currencies .Metal : bronze .Mark on the edge : cornucopia + bronze:Fast and careful shipping.The easel is not for sale.The stand is not for sale Roman currency is of all ancient currencies the one which experienced the longest and greatest geographical expansion, becoming for several centuries the common currency of the Western and Mediterranean world. After crude beginnings based on bronze by weight and the use of Greek coinage, it was formed at the end of the 3rd century BC. J.-C. according to a monetary system based on silver and bronze bimetallism. At the beginning of the High Empire under Augustus, gold coinage was added, creating a three-metal system which remained stable for almost two and a half centuries. The military and economic crisis of the 3rd century and the inflationary spiral that accompanied it saw the collapse of silver and bronze currencies. In the 4th century, Diocletian's reform which attempted to revalue silver and bronze currencies failed to contain inflation, while that of Constantine I succeeded in creating a monetary system dominated by the solidus stabilized at 4.5 grams of fine gold and without fixed parity with other currencies which are devaluing. The solidus then experienced exceptional stability in the Eastern Empire until the 11th century.Coins have been collected at all times, in all eras: already in Pompeii, collections of coins from ancient Greece have been found from the beginning.Knowledge of Roman coinageRoman coins are one of the best-known witnesses of ancient economic life, in almost all of its variations1. The study of Roman coinage dates back several centuries. Objects whose distribution was abundant and which are rot-proof, Roman coins have been discovered by chance for a long time. From the 18th century, learned collectors set up medal cabinets, the name given to ancient coins, where they accumulated and classified their acquisitions. National museums in turn form their collections. The merger of the various inventories of these collections makes it possible to establish increasingly exhaustive numismatic catalogs which list the coins according to their type and motif. An illustration of this process is given to us at the end of the 19th century by Henry Cohen, author of a famous catalog of several tens of thousands of imperial coins: in his preface, he describes his study of the catalogs of the museums of Turin, Denmark , from Vienna and from the collections of the British Museum and that of the Cabinet of Medals of France. This cabinet was itself enriched by the bequests of amateurs such as the Count of Caylus, who passionately followed the first archaeological discoveries of Herculaneum and Pompeii at the beginning of the 18th century2.From 1900 and with the work of Adrien Blanchet, numismatics, until now confined to cataloging activities, expanded by studying monetary finds as archaeological and historical documents3. We research the places of issue, the minted volumes and their dispersion; some researchers analyze the physical characteristics of the coins, in weight and content of the alloys, but only partially for statistical approaches4.The finds during the 20th century, with monetary treasures, sometimes spectacular like the treasure of Marcianopolis (more than 80,000 silver coins, discovered in 1929 in Devnya in Bulgaria), the Treasure of Eauze discovered in 1985 in France ( 28,000 silver coins), that of Trier (1993, 2,500 gold coins) or the Frome treasure in 2010 (52,000 coins, mostly bronze), and the British work5 completed Cohen's work and created the famous ten-volume catalog of the Roman Imperial Coinage, completed in 19946.The second half of the 20th century saw numismatic research diversify: the multiplication of archaeological sites, the use of metal detectors during official and clandestine excavationsNote 1 enriched the mass of discoveries. The study broadens to somewhat neglected areas, such as the numerous and diverse local issues, or the coinage of copper7. Computers offer powerful inventory resources, while spectrographic techniques allow detailed analysis of alloys8.Coinage under the RepublicThe origins of Roman coinageRelated article: Ace (currency).Bronze Uncia struck between 215 and 212 BC. J.-C. Rome and a globule on the obverse, Prow, ROMA and globule on the reverse.Around 400 BC. BC, the Romans replaced barter based on heads of cattle or the use of Greek currencies with a relatively archaic monetary system. Initially these were bronze “blocks” called aes rude then at the end of the 4th century bronze ingots representing on one side their equivalent in heads of cattle, the aes signatum9. Then, in 289 BC. J.-C. probably, the college of tresviri monetales responsible for organizing Roman coinage was formed10. Then appear bronze discs nameRenewal of the silver-bronze coinageDuring the Second Punic War (218-201), which imposed considerable expenses on Rome, the bronze ace which weighed half a pound in 218 BC. J.-C. and the quadrigat collapse. Around 211 BC. BC, the Senate overhauled the Roman monetary system and introduced the silver denarius of 1/72 of a pound, or 4 scruples, weighing 4.5 g of silver20.The denarius is worth 10 aces of 1/6 pound (sextantary ace of 53 grams of bronze) hence its mark with the Roman numeral X, and its name which comes from the Latin radical DENI = ten by ten; same root DE[K] as decem = ten). Silver submultiples are created, the quinary (5 aces) and the sestertius (2 and a half aces). The denarius 4.5 g of silver was therefore worth 530 g of bronze in 211 BC. J.-C. We therefore have a silver/bronze ratio of 1/12020.Equivalences between Roman currencies (1st half of the 2nd century BC). AD) Coin Denarius Quinary Sesterce As Metal Mark Obverse ReverseDenarius 1 2 4 10 Silver medal SilverQuinary 1/2 1 2 5 Silver medal Silver V Helmeted Rome DioscuriSesterce 1/4 1/2 1 2.5 Silver medal Silver IIS Rome helmeted DioscuriAce 1/10 1/5 2/5 1 Bronze medal Bronze Janus bow of shipThe Roman monetary difficulties were nevertheless not resolved, according to Livy the Senate was forced in 209 BC. J.-C. to draw on gold reserves to finance the war effort21.The denarius experienced a first drop in weight around 206 BC. J.-C. with a theoretical weight of 4.20 g, then a second in the 190s BC. 22 AD. The denarius is now cut to 1/84 of a pound, or a theoretical weight of 3.87 grams, while the ace falls by 1/6 of a pound (sextantary ace) to 1/12 of a pound (uncial ace), value at which it was stabilized during the 2nd century BC. AD23,24.Around 170 BC. BC, the denarius was devalued a third time and its weight was reduced to 3.7 grams (the ratio between silver and bronze was then 1/70).Silver denarius of the gens Cupienna of 147 BC. J.-C.Finally, around 140 BC. J.-C. the relative value of the silver denarius in relation to bronze is reestimated25: the denarius is now worth 16 bronze aces23, a ratio of 1/110; the sesterce goes to 4 aces23, but retains its HS mark, a reminder of its initial parity with the ace (two and a half aces, i.e. in Roman numerals IIS, quickly transcribed into HS).Equivalences between Roman currencies (1st century BC). J.-C.) Denarius Quinary Sesterce Ace MetalDenarius 1 2 4 16 Silver medal SilverQuinary 1/2 1 2 8 Silver medal SilverSesterce 1/4 1/2 1 4 Silver medal SilverAce 1/16 1/8 1/4 1 Bronze medal BronzeThe sesterce as a unit of accountThe sestertius became during the 2nd century BC. J.-C. the usual unit of account instead of the liberal ace, expenses, income and fortunes were evaluated in sesterces, first in the official accounts of the Roman State, then among individuals. The date of introduction of this accounting change has not been able to be determined by historians, who agree that it is a little earlier than 141 BC. J.-C. according to the inscription of the first senatus-consulte which figures in sesterces26,27.The impact of this accounting change on public management and particularly on the thresholds determining the classes during censusesRoman coins are one of the best-known witnesses of ancient economic life, in almost all of its variations1. The study of Roman coinage dates back several centuries. Objects whose distribution was abundant and which are rot-proof, Roman coins have been discovered by chance for a long time. From the 18th century, learned collectors set up medal cabinets, the name given to ancient coins, where they accumulated and classified their acquisitions. National museums in turn form their collections. The merger of the various inventories of these collections makes it possible to establish increasingly exhaustive numismatic catalogs which list the coins according to their type and motif. An illustration of this process is given to us at the end of the 19th century by Henry Cohen, author of a famous ca

Price: 546.99 USD

Location: Strasbourg

End Time: 2024-11-08T07:13:05.000Z

Shipping Cost: 55.49 USD